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                    <text>© BRUCE WHITE

Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob —
A Place to Reflect on Many Stories
For centuries, Oȟéyawahe has been a sacred indigenous burial ground
and gathering place, earning its Dakota name, meaning “a sacred place
much visited; the place where people go for burials.” Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob
is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a 112-acre site,
comprising public and private land.
Within Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob is Historic Pilot Knob, the public portion where people
can visit to experience the historic views and learn about the history and
culture of this signiﬁcant and sacred place.

A Place of Reverence
Oȟéyawahe is a traditional sacred site to the Dakota people. It looks over the mouth of the
Minnesota River, or Bdote Mni Sota, which many Dakota people consider the center of the
earth. The landscape has been altered in the past 200 years, yet the wakaå of this place, its
sacred essence, remains. By its intrinsic nature, Oȟéyawahe continues to be an important
place for the Dakota community and others to return to for gatherings and ceremonies.

Please treat Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob with the respect
accorded to cemeteries and other sacred places.

A Place to Appreciate
Dakota Heritage

Historic Fort Snelling and downtown Minneapolis, from Pilot Knob
In the 19th century, as today, visitors to Pilot Knob could view what traveler J. Wesley Bond
called, in 1851, a “grand spectacle, of rolling prairie, extended plain and groves, the valley of the
Minnesota with its meandering stream,” as well as Fort Snelling and the growing towns of
Minneapolis and St. Paul.

A Place to Learn About Early State History
1700s

Dakota and allied native peoples inhabit much of Minnesota when French traders and missionaries
ﬁrst enter the area.

First steamboat arrives at Fort Snelling.

1823
1834

The establishment of Fort Snelling brings an
American military presence.

1820

Lt. Zebulon Pike, ﬁrst U.S. government ofﬁcial sent
to area, reaches the mouth of the Minnesota River.

1805

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Hek™a ahaåna Ikce Wicaß™a paha ¶iå de Oȟéyawahi eya
cażeyatapi. Dehan ißto Wo™a¶uya Paha eya¡i. Wakaå dapi
naka nina ohoda¡i. Ikce Wicaßta ded wace¶iya¡i k’a na¶uå
wo™a¶uye ewicawanpapi. Ded na¶uå Treaty of 1851 owa¡i.
De wowa¡i ¶iå Dakod makoce maka oß¡e ¶e¶to¡awiå¥e
¶e¶to¡awiå¥e wikcemna yamni sam zaptaå uå icu¡i.
Hehan 1862-1863 waniye™u ecun wico¶aß¶e ti wan ka¥a¡i.
Na¶uå cuå¶aß¶e wan ahomni ehdepi. He detaåhaå mni
akasam™u. Ded Ikce Wicaß™a wica, wiåyaå k’a na¶uå
wakaå iża wicopiya pazo wicayuha¡i. Wico™a t’a¡i. Na¶uå
uå¥e ded wica®a¡i.
This is the north slope of Oȟéyawahi, “a hill much visited,” also now
known as Wo™a¶uya Paha, “the hill of all the relatives,” a sacred
place named by Dakota people centuries ago. This hill has been a
gathering place for Dakota, Ojibwe, and Iowa people, and a place for
ceremonies and burials. Pilot Knob was the site of signing of the
Treaty of 1851, which transferred 35 million acres of Dakota land to
the United States. In the winter of 1862-63, 1300 Dakota men,
women, and children were conﬁned in a fenced camp on the
opposite river bank, where many died. Some were buried here.

Henry Hastings Sibley (later Minnesota’s ﬁrst
elected governor) takes charge of the American
Fur Company post at Mendota.

During the U.S.-Dakota Conﬂict,
non-combatant Dakota people are held for the winter in a concentration camp below Fort Snelling. Many
will die, and some will be buried on Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob. Later, the U.S. government forcibly removes
most Dakota people from Minnesota.

1862-63

In a treaty signed on Pilot Knob, the Dakota cede
most of the area now known as southern
Minnesota to the U.S. government.

1851

Pilot Knob is proposed to be the site for the
Minnesota territorial capitol.

1848

Text from Pilot Knob historical markers; Dakota version courtesy of Glenn Wasicuna.
Note: Oȟéyawahi is the former spelling of Oȟéyawahe; Oȟéyawahe is now used
because it is considered more accurate.

1870

An 1850 map by R. Jones Colby, showing the confluence of the
St. Peters (Minnesota) and Mississippi rivers. The diamond walls of
Fort Snelling are left of Pike Island and Pilot Knob is at bottom right.

Many Dakota people begin to return to their former homes, including Mendota, where some Dakota had
remained. The Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Community continues today.

In 2017, Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
SETH EASTMAN WATERCOLOR C. 1847
MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

For centuries, Dakota people placed their deceased relatives on scaffolds built on high
places, such as Oȟéyawahe, as shown here in a view by Seth Eastman from around 1847.
The body was wrapped in skins or cloth, placed on a scaffold for several days or weeks,
then buried in the earth. This view is from the top of Oȟéyawahe, looking toward the
present-day MSP international airport.

A Dakota woman prepared a hide in the area of Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob in the 1890’s or
earlier. After 1862 some Dakota women in Mendota supported themselves by making
moccasins and other items to sell in St. Paul and the surrounding area.

COVER – SETH EASTMAN WATERCOLOR C. 1847. MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Please take only pictures, leave only footprints.
There are interpretive signs and trails; there are no other facilities.

Historic Pilot Knob can be visited every day during daylight hours.
Historic Pilot Knob is located at 2100
Pilot Knob Road, Mendota Heights.
From I-494, take the Pilot Knob Road exit, then drive north until the road ends.
From State Highway 13, take the Acacia Blvd. exit west to Pilot Knob Road.
Turn right into parking lot or park along Acacia Blvd.

Directions to
Historic Pilot Knob
is a natural area owned by the City
of Mendota Heights. It is the part of
Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob that is open to
the public.

Historic Pilot Knob

Oĥéyawahe

© DAKOTA COUNTY

is a place of cultural importance to the
Dakota community and of signiﬁcance
in the history of Minnesota statehood.
Oȟéyawahe was listed on the National
Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in
March 2017.

Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob

NRHP SITE IN MENDOTA HEIGHTS, MN

Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob

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Big Riv
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A Place to Learn About Prairie
and Oak Savanna Restoration
Two hundred years ago, Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob was covered by prairie and oak
savanna. Native grasses dominate in a prairie, with native wildﬂowers blooming
from April to November. Oak savanna is similar to prairie, but also contains
scattered bur oaks and oak groves.

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Legend
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Contours (10')
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Seven Council Fires Overlook

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Proposed Trail

Mendota Heights contracts with Great River Greening to restore Historic Pilot Knob
to prairie and oak savanna and to manage the trails for public use. Special
challenges for restoration of this site are its steep slope, invasive species, remnants
of prior development, and the need to use methods that are culturally sensitive.

f
!
85

Gravel Trail

Restoration efforts include sowing prairie grass seed, planting pollinator shrubs and
wildﬂowers, planting oak saplings and acorns, controlled burns, mowing and pulling
invasive weeds, spot use of herbicides, cutting and removing brush, and
conservation haying and grazing by goats and sheep.

Entrance

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Overlook
Interpretive Sign

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Parking

© WELBY SMITH/MN DNR

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© DAKOTA COUNTY

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HISTORIC PILOT KNOB A City of Mendota Heights Natural Area

900

Off-Leash Dog Area

© MARK KARNEY/GREAT RIVER GREENING

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Seven Council Fires
Overlook

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Seven blocks of limestone represent
Oçe™i Íakowiå, the seven
Dakota/Lakota/Nakota groups
whose members currently reside
93
from Minnesota to Montana,
0
Nebraska to Canada. The 2-ton
Gate
blocks were quarried in the
Minnesota River valley near
Mankato. You are invited to sit here.

Volunteers use fencing to protect
newly planted oaks from browsing by
deer and rabbits.

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Sheep graze on yard grasses,
remnants of prior farmsteads.

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© BRUCE WHITE

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Feet

A Place to Read the Landscape
Look across the river valley to Fort Snelling. This broad valley was carved by glacial
meltwater about 12,000 years ago. Between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, the
valley was cut deeper by large volumes of water carried by Glacial River Warren,
which was an outlet for Glacial Lake Agassiz in northwestern Minnesota. The ﬂood
plain you see today is the result of the Mississippi River and the Minnesota River,
which is the remnant of Glacial River Warren, depositing sediment over the last
10,000 years.

Hoary Vervain
Verbena stricta

Black-eyed Susan
Rudbeckia hirta

Wild Bergamot
Monarda fistulosa

Gray-headed Coneﬂower
Ratibida pinnata

Prairie wildﬂowers, or forbs, co-evolved with insects and birds over thousands of years.
Re-establishing these native plants not only increases the beauty of Pilot Knob, but also
provides food and shelter for many native animals.

Imagine 12,000 years ago, when Glacial River Warren merged with the Mississippi
River just below Pilot Knob, at present-day Pike Island. As water rushed through
the river valley, a massive waterfall formed downstream just south of downtown St.
Paul. The waterfall gradually retreated upstream. About 10,000 years ago, the
waterfall split in two at Pike Island. One channel moved up the Minnesota River
until it was extinguished near Savage. The other channel moved up the Mississippi
River, then split again to form Minnehaha Falls and St. Anthony Falls in
Minneapolis.

© SARAH FOLTZ JORDAN/XERCES SOCIETY

The rusty patched bumble bee,
added to the list of Endangered
Species in 2016, was noted in a
native bee survey done on Historic
Pilot Knob. Surveys monitor the
effectiveness of the restoration in
supporting native wildlife.

People have dramatically altered the landscape seen in Seth Eastman’s 1847
painting (see brochure cover). As settlers poured into the area in the mid-1800s,
Pilot Knob was developed for dairy and truck farms. Look for clues that remain
from former farmsteads, such as building foundations and trees in wind rows.
Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob has been used as burial ground by people for centuries.
Settlers continued this custom by establishing cemeteries on the hill — St. Peter’s
in 1840 (before the northern part of the hill was bisected by highways) and Acacia
Park Cemetery in 1925. At that time a portion of the knob-like top of the hill, once
used by steamboat pilots for navigation purposes and the feature that gave the hill
its English name, was removed during landscaping at Acacia Park Cemetery.

A Place Reclaimed as Public Land
After the land of Pilot Knob hill was offered for sale by the U.S. government in the
1800s, it was purchased by a variety of private owners. In 2002, developers
announced a plan to build 157 townhomes on the north slope. A broad coalition of
Native Americans, local residents, historians, archeologists, faith communities, and
environmental groups united to preserve this land as a public natural area.

A Place to Watch Migratory Birds
Located on the bluffs above the conﬂuence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers,
Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob is perfectly perched in the fast-lane of one of the world’s
great avian superhighways: The Mississippi Flyway. This ﬂyway is the route for nearly
half of North America’s migratory birds. Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob is also located in an
Important Bird Area (IBA), a place identiﬁed by Audubon Minnesota as vital for bird
conservation. Oȟéyawahe/Pilot Knob’s bluff-top location in the ﬂyway means great
opportunities to spot a wide range of birds—from seasonal migratory visitors, to birds
that remain year round.

In 2006 the City of Mendota Heights, with help from The Trust for Public Land*,
purchased 8.2 acres of Pilot Knob hill from the private landowners. In 2007, the
City acquired another 17.2 acres from Acacia Park Cemetery. These 25 acres are
designated Historic Pilot Knob and are managed as a natural area, free and open
to the public. Historic Pilot Knob is a place that everyone can visit to enjoy the view
and wildlife, to learn about ecological restoration, and to reﬂect on the history and
meaning of this sacred place.

© LEE KARNEY/USFWS

© IGORKOV/ DREAMSTIME.COM

* Additional funders that assisted with these purchases include Dakota County (through its Farmland and Natural
Areas Program), the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (through its Remediation Fund, Natural and
Scenic, and Metro Greenways programs), Minnesota’s Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund (as
recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources), F. R. Bigelow Foundation, The
McKnight Foundation, The Saint Paul Foundation, The Scrooby Foundation, and private citizens.

This brochure was developed and produced by Pilot Knob Preservation Association.
This project has been ﬁnanced in part with funds provided by the State of Minnesota from the Arts and Cultural
Heritage Fund through the Minnesota Historical Society and by the City of Mendota Heights.

Eagles soar in a steady flight with wings held straight out.

Vultures soar in a rocking motion with wings held at an
upward angle.

PKPA also thanks the City of Mendota Heights and Dakota County for their support. For information about
parks and trails in Mendota Heights, visit www.mendota-heights.com; for Dakota County, visit
www.co.dakota.mn.us.
© 2017 PILOT KNOB PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION.

For detailed information on topics in this pocket guide, visit

www.pilotknobpreservation.org

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