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                <text>The waters of Lake Superior are sacred to the Ojibwe people. </text>
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                <text>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior#/media/File:Lake_Superior_at_Neys_Provincial_Park_Ontario.jpg </text>
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                <text>Public domain image</text>
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                <text>WW_LakeSuperior.jpg</text>
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        <name>Lake Superior</name>
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        <src>https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/files/original/1bbbd4ebb91521ad18c80ed2be284539.pdf</src>
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                    <text>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1887 (selection)
…The Government has entered upon the great work of educating and citizenizing the Indians
and establishing them upon homesteads. The adults are expected to assume the role of citizens,
and of course the rising generation will be expected and required more nearly to fill the measure
of citizenship, and the main purpose of educating them is to enable them to read, write, and
speak the English language and to transact business with English-speaking people. When they
take upon themselves the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship their vernacular will be of
no advantage. Only through the medium of the English tongue can they acquire a knowledge of
the Constitution of the country and their rights and duties thereunder.
Every nation is jealous of its own language, and no nation ought to be more so than ours, which
approaches nearer than any other nationality to the perfect protection of its people. True
Americans all feel that the Constitution, laws, and institutions of the United States, in their
adaptation to the wants and requirements of man, are superior to those of any other country; and
they should understand that by the spread of the English language will these laws and institutions
be more firmly established and widely disseminated. Nothing so surely and perfectly stamps
upon an individual a national characteristic as language. So manifest and important is this that
nations the world over, in both ancient and modern times, have ever imposed the strictest
requirements upon their public schools as to the teaching of the national tongue. Only English,
has been allowed to be taught in the public schools in the territory acquired by this country from
Spain, Mexico, and Russia, although the native populations spoke other tongue. All are familiar
with the recent prohibitory order of the German Empire forbidding the teaching of the French
language in either public or private schools in Alsace and Lorraine. Although the population is
almost universally opposed to German rule, they are firmly held to German political allegiance
by the military hand of the Iron Chancellor, If the Indians were in Germany or France or any
other civilized country, they should be instructed in the language there used. As they are in an
English-speaking country, they must be taught the language which they must use in transacting
business with the people of this country. No unity or community of feeling can be established
among different peoples unless they arc brought to speak the same language, and thus become
imbued with like ideas of duty.
Deeming it for the very best interest of the Indian, both as an individual and as an embryo
citizen, to have this policy strictly enforced among the various schools on Indian reservations,
orders have been issued accordingly to Indian agents, and the texts of the orders and of some
explanations made thereof are given below:
DECEMBER 14, 1886.
In all schools conducted by missionary organizations it is required that all instructions
shall be given in the English language.
FEBRUARY 2, 1887.
In reply I have to advise you that the rule applies to all schools on Indian reservations,

�whether they be Government or mission Schools. The instruction of the Indians in the
vernacular is not only of no use to them, but is detrimental to the cause of their education
and civilization, and no school will be permitted on the reservation in which the English
language is not exclusively taught.
JULY 16, 1887.
Your attention is called to the regulation of this office which forbids instruction in
schools in any Indian language. This rule applies to all schools on an Indian reservation,
whether Government or mission schools. The education of Indians in the vernacular is
not only of no use to them, but is detrimental to their education and civilization.
You are instructed to see that this rule is rigidly enforced in all schools upon the
reservation under your charge.
No mission school will be allowed upon the reservation which does not comply with the
regulation.
The following was sent to representatives of all societies having contracts with this bureau for
the conduct of Indian schools:
JULY 16, 1887.
Your attention is called to the provisions of the contracts for educating Indian pupils,
which provides that the schools shall "teach the ordinary branches of an English
education." This provision must be faithfully adhered to, and no books in any Indian
language must be used or instruction given in that language to Indian pupils in any school
where this office has entered into contract for the education of Indians. The same rule
prevails in all Government Indian schools and will be strictly enforced in all contract and
other Indian schools.
The instruction of Indians in the vernacular is not only of no use to them, but is
detrimental to the cause of their education and civilization, and it will not be permitted in
any Indian school over which the Government has any control, or in which it has any
interest whatever.
This circular has been sent to all parties who have contracted to educate Indian pupils
during the present fiscal year.
You will see that this regulation is rigidly enforced in the schools under your direction
where Indians are placed under contract.
I have given the text of these orders in detail because various misrepresentations and complaints
in regard to them have been made, and various misunderstandings seem to have arisen. They do
not, as has been urged, touch the question of the preaching of the Gospel in the churches nor in

�any wise hamper or hinder the efforts of missionaries to bring the various tribes to a knowledge
of the Christian religion. Preaching of the Gospel to Indians in the vernacular is, of course, not
prohibited. In fact, the question of the effect of this policy upon any missionary body was not
considered. All the office insists upon is that in the schools established for the rising generation
of Indians shall be taught the language of the Republic of which they are to become citizens.
It is believed that if any Indian vernacular is allowed to be taught by the missionaries in schools
on Indian reservations, it will prejudice the youthful pupil as well as his untutored and
uncivilized or semi-civilized parent against the English language, and, to some extent at least,
against Government schools in which the English language exclusively has always been taught.
To teach Indian school children their native tongue is practically to exclude English, and to
prevent them from acquiring it. This language, which is good enough for a white man and a
black man, ought to be good enough for the red man. It is also believed that teaching an Indian
youth in his own barbarous dialect is a positive detriment to him. The first step to be taken
toward civilization, toward teaching the Indians the mischief and folly of continuing in their
barbarous practices, is to teach them the English language. The impracticability, if not
impossibility, of civilizing the Indians of this country in any other tongue than our own would
seem to be obvious, especially in view of the fact that the number of Indian vernaculars is even
greater than the number of tribes. Bands of the same tribes inhabiting different localities have
different dialects, and sometimes can not communicate with each other except by the sign
language. If we expect to infuse into the rising generation the leaven of American citizenship, we
must remove the stumbling blocks of hereditary customs and manners, and of these language is
one of the most important elements. . . .	&#13;  

�</text>
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                <text>Selected Transcript of J.D.C. Atkin's Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1887</text>
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                <text>Discussion of English language use in Indian Schools in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1887</text>
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                <text>PDF transcript of selection from Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1883</text>
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                <text>September 21, 1887 </text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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                <text>Public Domain </text>
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                <text>PDF transcript of printed document </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English </text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38548">
                <text>UW Madison Libraries Digital Collection, http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.AnnRep89&amp;isize=M, .</text>
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                    <text>����</text>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="18">
      <name>Document</name>
      <description>A resource containing textual data.  Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="7">
          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="38538">
              <text>Treaty </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38530">
                <text> "Court of Indian Offenses" section of The  Henry M. Teller's Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1883 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38531">
                <text>Court of Indian Offenses in the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1883</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38532">
                <text>PDF copy of selection from Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1883</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="38533">
                <text>Annual Report of the U.S. Secretary of the Interior 1883</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38534">
                <text>Wikipedia Commons </text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38535">
                <text>https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=File:U.S._Department_of_the_Interior_Annual_Report_1883.djvu&amp;page=15</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38536">
                <text>Report itself in public domain, digitized by http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;id=mdp.39015059062821</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="38537">
                <text>PDF copy of report </text>
              </elementText>
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      <tag tagId="530">
        <name>Assimilation Policy</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>Boarding School</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="390">
        <name>Pipestone</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="404">
        <name>Pipestone National Monument</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="3830" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="3439">
        <src>https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/files/original/51e2bdf272965d346709e719736664db.pdf</src>
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            <name>PDF Text</name>
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                <description/>
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                    <text>Dawes Act of 1887
Forty-Ninth Congress of the United States of America; At the Second Session,
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the sixth day of December, one thousand
eight hundred and eight-six.
An Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations,
and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians,
and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall
hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by
virtue of an act of Congress or executive order setting apart the same for their use, the President
of the United States be, and he hereby is, authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or
any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause
said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed, or resurveyed if necessary, and to allot the
lands in said reservation in severalty to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows:
To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;
To each single person over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section;
To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; and
To each other single person under eighteen years now living, or who may be born prior to the
date of the order of the President directing an allotment of the lands embraced in any reservation,
one-sixteenth of a section:
Provided, That in case there is not sufficient land in any of said reservations to allot lands to each
individual of the classes above named in quantities as above provided, the lands embraced in
such reservation or reservations shall be allotted to each individual of each of said classes pro
rata in accordance with the provisions of this act: And provided further, That where the treaty or
act of Congress setting apart such reservation provides the allotment of lands in severalty in
quantities in excess of those herein provided, the President, in making allotments upon such
reservation, shall allot the lands to each individual Indian belonging thereon in quantity as
specified in such treaty or act: And provided further, That when the lands allotted are only
valuable for grazing purposes, an additional allotment of such grazing lands, in quantities as
above provided, shall be made to each individual.
Sec. 2. That all allotments set apart under the provisions of this act shall be selected by the
Indians, heads of families selecting for their minor children, and the agents shall select for each
orphan child, and in such manner as to embrace the improvements of the Indians making the
selection. Where the improvements of two or more Indians have been made on the same legal
subdivision of land, unless they shall otherwise agree, a provisional line may be run dividing said
lands between them, and the amount to which each is entitled shall be equalized in the
assignment of the remainder of the land to which they are entitled under his act: Provided, That if
any one entitled to an allotment shall fail to make a selection within four years after the President

�shall direct that allotments may be made on a particular reservation, the Secretary of the Interior
may direct the agent of such tribe or band, if such there be, and if there be no agent, then a
special agent appointed for that purpose, to make a selection for such Indian, which selection
shall be allotted as in cases where selections are made by the Indians, and patents shall issue in
like manner.
Sec. 3. That the allotments provided for in this act shall be made by special agents appointed by
the President for such purpose, and the agents in charge of the respective reservations on which
the allotments are directed to be made, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the
Interior may from time to time prescribe, and shall be certified by such agents to the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in duplicate, one copy to be retained in the Indian Office and
the other to be transmitted to the Secretary of the Interior for his action, and to be deposited in
the General Land Office.
Sec. 4. That where any Indian not residing upon a reservation, or for whose tribe no reservation
has been provided by treaty, act of Congress, or executive order, shall make settlement upon any
surveyed or unsurveyed lands of the United States not otherwise appropriated, he or she shall be
entitled, upon application to the local land-office for the district in which the lands arc located, to
have the same allotted to him or her, and to his or her children, in quantities and manner as
provided in this act for Indians residing upon reservations; and when such settlement is made
upon unsurveyed lands, the grant to such Indians shall be adjusted upon the survey of the lands
so as to conform thereto; and patents shall be issued to them for such lands in the manner and
with the restrictions as herein provided. And the fees to which the officers of such local landoffice would have been entitled had such lands been entered under the general laws for the
disposition of the public lands shall be paid to them, from any moneys in the Treasury of the
United States not otherwise appropriated, upon a statement of an account in their behalf for such
fees by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and a certification of such account to the
Secretary of the Treasury by the Secretary of the Interior.
Sec. 5. That upon the approval of the allotments provided for in this act by the Secretary of the
Interior, he shall cause patents to issue therefor in the name of the allottees, which patents shall
be of the legal effect, and declare that the United States does and will hold the land thus allotted,
for the period of twenty-five years, in trust for the sole use and benefit of the Indian to whom
such allotment shall have been made, or, in case of his decease, of his heirs according to the laws
of the State or Territory where such land is located, and that at the expiration of said period the
United States will convey the same by patent to said Indian, or his heirs as aforesaid, in fee,
discharged of said trust and free of all charge or encumbrance whatsoever: Provided, That the
President of the United States may in any case in his discretion extend the period. And if any
conveyance shall be made of the lands set apart and allotted as herein provided, or any contract
made touching the same, before the expiration of the time above mentioned, such conveyance or
contract shall be absolutely null and void: Provided, That the law of descent and partition in
force in the State or Territory where such lands are situate shall apply thereto after patents
therefor have been executed and delivered, except as herein otherwise provided; and the laws of
the State of Kansas regulating the descent and partition of real estate shall, so far as practicable,
apply to all lands in the Indian Territory which may be allotted in severalty under the provisions
of this act: And provided further, That at any time after lands have been allotted to all the Indians

�of any tribe as herein provided, or sooner if in the opinion of the President it shall be for the best
interests of said tribe, it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Interior to negotiate with such
Indian tribe for the purchase and release by said tribe, in conformity with the treaty or statute
under which such reservation is held, of such portions of its reservation not allotted as such tribe
shall, from time to time, consent to sell, on such terms and conditions as shall be considered just
and equitable between the United States and said tribe of Indians, which purchase shall not be
complete until ratified by Congress, and the form and manner of executing such release
prescribed by Congress: Provided however, That all lands adapted to agriculture, with or without
irrigation so sold or released to the United States by any Indian tribe shall be held by the United
States for the sale purpose of securing homes to actual settlers and shall be disposed of by the
United States to actual and bona fide settlers only tracts not exceeding one hundred and sixty
acres to any one person, on such terms as Congress shall prescribe, subject to grants which
Congress may make in aid of education: And provided further, That no patents shall issue
therefor except to the person so taking the same as and homestead, or his heirs, and after the
expiration of five years occupancy thereof as such homestead; and any conveyance of said lands
taken as a homestead, or any contract touching the same, or lieu thereon, created prior to the date
of such patent, shall be null and void. And the sums agreed to be paid by the United States as
purchase money for any portion of any such reservation shall be held in the Treasury of the
United States for the sole use of the tribe or tribes Indians; to whom such reservations belonged;
and the same, with interest thereon at three per cent per annum, shall be at all times subject to
appropriation by Congress for the education and civilization of such tribe or tribes of Indians or
the members thereof. The patents aforesaid shall be recorded in the General Land Office, and
afterward delivered, free of charge, to the allottee entitled thereto. And if any religious society or
other organization is now occupying any of the public lands to which this act is applicable, for
religious or educational work among the Indians, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized to confirm such occupation to such society or organization, in quantity not exceeding
one hundred and sixty acres in any one tract, so long as the same shall be so occupied, on such
terms as he shall deem just; but nothing herein contained shall change or alter any claim of such
society for religious or educational purposes heretofore granted by law. And hereafter in the
employment of Indian police, or any other employees in the public service among any of the
Indian tribes or bands affected by this act, and where Indians can perform the duties required,
those Indians who have availed themselves of the provisions of this act and become citizens of
the United States shall be preferred.
Sec. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said
allottees, each and every number of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments
have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of
the State or Territory in which they may reside; and no Territory shall pass or enforce any law
denying any such Indian within its jurisdiction the allotments shall have been made under the
provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial
limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate
and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby
declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and
immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a
member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any
manner affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property.

�Sec. 7. That in cases where the use of water for irrigation is necessary to render the lands within
any Indian reservation available for agricultural purposes, the Secretary of the Interior be, and he
is hereby, authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary to secure
a just and equal distribution thereof among the Indians residing upon any such reservation; and
no other appropriation or grant of water by any riparian proprietor shall permitted to the damage
of any other riparian proprietor.
Sec. 8. That the provisions of this act shall not extend to the territory occupied by the Cherokees,
Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Osage, Miamies and Peorias, and Sacs and
Foxes, in the Indian Territory, nor to any of the reservations of the Seneca Nation of New York
Indians in the State of New York, nor to that strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining
the Sioux Nation on the south added by executive order.
Sec. 9. That for the purpose of making the surveys and resurveys mentioned in section two of
this act, there be, and hereby is, appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise
appropriated, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, to be repaid proportionately out of the
proceeds of the sales of such land as may be acquired from the Indians under the provisions of
this act.
Sec. 10. That nothing in this act contained shall be so construed to affect the right and power of
Congress to grant the right of way through any lands granted to an Indian, or a tribe of Indians,
for railroads or other highways, or telegraph lines, for the public use, or condemn such lands to
public uses, upon making just compensation.
Sec. 11. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent the removal of the Southern
Ute Indians from their present reservation in Southwestern Colorado to a new reservation by and
with consent of a majority of the adult male members of said tribe.
Approved, February 8, 1887.
	&#13;  

�</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Transcript of Dawes Act of 1887</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="38520">
                <text>The Dawes Act/Dawes Severalty Act/ General Allotment Act of 1887.</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="38521">
                <text>A highlighted pdf transcript of the Dawes Act. </text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="38522">
                <text>ourdocuments.gov &#13;
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&amp;doc=50.</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>February 8, 1887</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Public domain, accessed through our documents.gov. </text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>PDF </text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English </text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>PDF </text>
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